Effect of chewing gum containing nicotine and caffeine on energy expenditure and substrate utilization in men.

What Was Tested

Researchers studied Therapeutic nicotine (patch, non-peptide) in this randomized controlled trial publication.

Nicotine replacement therapy limits weight gain after smoking cessation.

This finding is partly attributable to the thermogenic effect of nicotine, which may be enhanced by caffeine.

Who Took Part

The abstract describes 5 subjects taking part.

PubMed indexes the participants as adults, men only.

This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study included 12 healthy, normal-weight men (aged 18-45 y).

How the Study Was Run

The design is described as randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled and crossover.

Random assignment meant chance, not the researchers, decided who got Therapeutic nicotine (patch, non-peptide) and who got the comparison, which limits bias.

Neither the subjects nor the staff measuring them knew who was on Therapeutic nicotine (patch, non-peptide), so expectations could not easily colour the readings.

Some subjects received a placebo instead of Therapeutic nicotine (patch, non-peptide), giving a reference point.

Each person switched between Therapeutic nicotine (patch, non-peptide) and the comparison at some point, usually with a gap in between.

What Was Measured

PubMed files the paper under topics including Caffeine, Chewing Gum, Drug Synergism, Energy Metabolism, Nicotine, Respiration and Thermogenesis.

What This Means in Plain Language

The paper is a randomized, double-blind and placebo-controlled study of Therapeutic nicotine (patch, non-peptide) in 5 subjects.

With fewer than 40 people, it is a small study, so it is better read as an early signal for further research than as a settled answer.

Results are reported in around 7 sentences of the abstract; we leave them to the paper itself rather than summarise them.

The publication is from 2003 (The American journal of clinical nutrition), a journal based in United States.

More context: the Therapeutic nicotine (patch, non-peptide) compound page, all human trials.