A high-protein breakfast induces greater insulin and glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide responses to a subsequent lunch meal in individuals with type 2 diabetes

What Was Tested

The paper reports a study of Glucagon and GIP (Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide), published as a controlled clinical trial.

This study examined the effects of high-protein vs. high-carbohydrate breakfast meals on the metabolic and incretin responses after the breakfast and lunch meals.

Why It Was Studied

The previous meal modulates the postprandial glycemic responses to a subsequent meal; this is termed the second-meal phenomenon.

Who Took Part

The study group was 2 men.

By PubMed's age tags, the people studied were young adults, adults and middle-aged adults, both men and women.

On day 7, subjects completed an 8-h testing day.

After an overnight fast, the subjects consumed their respective breakfast followed by a standard 500-kcal high-carbohydrate lunch meal 4 h later.

How the Study Was Run

The researchers set it up as a single-blind and crossover study.

In this single-blind Glucagon study one party knew the assignments and the other did not.

Each person switched between Glucagon and the comparison at some point, usually with a gap in between.

Blood samples were taken throughout the day for assessment of 4-h postbreakfast and 4-h postlunch total area under the curve (AUC) for glucose, insulin, C-peptide, glucagon, glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP), and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1).

What Was Measured

PubMed files the paper under topics including Blood Glucose, Body Mass Index, Breakfast, C-Peptide, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Diet and Diet Records.

Author keywords: GIP, GLP-1, glucagon, high carbohydrate, postprandial glucose and second-meal phenomenon.

What This Means in Plain Language

The paper is a single-blind and crossover study of Glucagon and GIP (Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide) in 2 men.

With fewer than 40 people, it is a small study, so it is better read as an early signal for further research than as a settled answer.

The abstract goes on to report its results in about 7 sentences; this page does not restate them, so read the paper for the findings and their limits.

The publication is from 2015 (The Journal of nutrition), a journal based in United States.

More context: the Glucagon compound page and the GIP (Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide) compound page, all human trials.