Modification of a traditional breakfast leads to increased satiety along with attenuated plasma increments of glucose, C-peptide, insulin, and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide in humans

What Was Tested

This randomized controlled trial paper looks at GIP (Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide).

The objectives of this crossover trial were to examine satiety, glycemic-insulinemic response, and plasma peptide levels in response to 2 different recommended diabetes diets with equivalent energy content.

Why It Was Studied

Their hypothesis was that carbohydrate, fat, and protein contents of meals affect satiety, glucose homeostasis, and hormone secretion.

One traditional reference breakfast and one test breakfast, with lower carbohydrate and higher fat and protein content, were randomly administered to healthy volunteers (8 men, 12 women).

Who Took Part

The abstract describes 8 men taking part.

By PubMed's age tags, the people studied were adults, middle-aged adults and older adults, both men and women.

How the Study Was Run

In design terms this was a randomized and crossover study.

The men were allocated by chance, so the GIP (Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide) group and the comparison group should start out alike.

In the crossover set-up each of the men took both GIP (Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide) and the comparison in turn, acting as their own control.

Plasma glucose was measured, and levels of C-peptide, ghrelin, glucagon, glucagon-like peptide-1, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), insulin, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, and adipokines were analyzed by Luminex.

What Was Measured

One traditional reference breakfast and one test breakfast, with lower carbohydrate and higher fat and protein content, were randomly administered to healthy volunteers (8 men, 12 women).

Blood samples were collected, and satiety was scored on a visual analog scale before and 3 hours after meals.

PubMed files the paper under topics including Blood Glucose, Breakfast, C-Peptide, Dietary Carbohydrates, Dietary Fats, Dietary Proteins and Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide.

The authors tagged it with the keywords Adipokines, Gastrointestinal hormones, Humans and Satiety.

What This Means in Plain Language

The paper is a randomized and crossover study of GIP (Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide) in 8 men.

With fewer than 40 people, it is a small study, so it is better read as an early signal for further research than as a settled answer.

The publication is from 2016 (Nutrition research (New York, N.Y.)), a journal based in United States.

More context: the GIP (Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide) compound page, all human trials.