Vitamin D deficiency and depression in obese adults: a comparative observational study.

What Was Tested

This observational study looks at Vitamin D, K2, Magnesium and Zinc.

This paper seeks to examine the association between serum vitamin D level and depression in patients with obesity.

To examine age and gender differences in the relationship between vitamin D deficiency and depression, stratified analyses were conducted by age and gender groups.

Who Took Part

PubMed indexes the participants as teenagers, young adults, adults, middle-aged adults and older adults, both men and women.

Participants were selected from males and females aged 18 to 60 years old visiting the outpatient obesity clinic of Rasoul-e Akram hospital, Tehran, Iran.

The diagnosis of depressive disorder was made based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) criteria.

How the Study Was Run

In this comparative observational study, serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] levels were compared between obese individuals with depression (n = 174) and those without depression considering the effect of potential confounders.

Additional clinical and laboratory data were collected from hospital electronic records.

Mann-Whitney U test (nonparametric), Student's t-test (parametric), and Chi-squared test were used to analyze the differences between the two groups.

What Was Measured

The subject headings attached to it are Cross-Sectional Studies, Depression, Iran, Obesity, Vitamin D and Vitamin D Deficiency.

Author keywords: 25-hydroxyvitamin D and BMI.

What This Means in Plain Language

This is an observational study of Vitamin D, K2, Magnesium and Zinc.

The abstract goes on to report its results in about 6 sentences; this page does not restate them, so read the paper for the findings and their limits.

The publication is from 2021 (BMC psychiatry), a journal based in England.

More context: the Vitamin D, K2, Magnesium and Zinc compound page, all human trials.