Modifiable Nutritional Biomarkers in Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Vitamin D, B12, and Homocysteine Exposure Spanning Prenatal Development Through Late Adolescence.

Plain-language guide to PMID 40362647 (2025): meta-analysis of Vitamin D, K2, Magnesium and Zinc and Cyanocobalamin (Vitamin B12).

Key Facts

PMID: 40362647
Journal: International journal of molecular sciences
Year: 2025
Study type: Meta-Analysis
Authors: Avram OE et al. (5 authors)
DOI: 10.3390/ijms26094410

What This Paper Covers, in Plain Language

What It Covers

This meta-analysis looks at Vitamin D, K2, Magnesium and Zinc and Cyanocobalamin (Vitamin B12).

Nutritional exposures-particularly vitamin D, vitamin B12, and homocysteine-may influence neurodevelopmental outcomes.

However, a comprehensive, lifespan-spanning synthesis of these modifiable nutritional biomarkers has not been conducted.

Who the Included Studies Covered

By PubMed's age tags, the people studied were infants, young children, children and teenagers, women only.

Study quality was assessed using version 2 of the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool for RCTs (RoB2) and the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) for observational studies; certainty of evidence was graded via GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation).

How the Review Was Done

Heterogeneity, small-study effects, and publication bias were evaluated using Cochran's Q, I2, Egger's test, and trim-and-fill.

What Was Measured

Nutritional exposures-particularly vitamin D, vitamin B12, and homocysteine-may influence neurodevelopmental outcomes.

Their central question was: How do levels of vitamin D, vitamin B12, and homocysteine-measured before and after birth-affect the risk, severity, and potential treatment outcomes for ASD?

The subject headings attached to it are Autism Spectrum Disorder, Biomarkers, Vitamin D, Vitamin B 12, Homocysteine and Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects.

The authors tagged it with the keywords nutritional biomarkers, randomized controlled trial and vitamin B12.

What This Means in Plain Language

This is a meta-analysis of Vitamin D, K2, Magnesium and Zinc and Cyanocobalamin (Vitamin B12).

The publication is from 2025 (International journal of molecular sciences), a journal based in Switzerland.

More context: the Vitamin D, K2, Magnesium and Zinc compound page and the Cyanocobalamin (Vitamin B12) compound page, all human trials.

Our Notes on the Compounds

Vitamin D, K2, Magnesium and Zinc: Magnesium is described as required for AMPK to function.

Cyanocobalamin (Vitamin B12): A synthetic form of vitamin B12 (cobalamin), an essential nutrient for DNA synthesis, red blood cell formation and neurological function.

Source: PubMed record. This explanation is written by PeptideWhiz from the public record. For research and education only. Not medical advice; no dosing information is given.