Comparative Evaluation of analgesic efficacy of ketamine and magnesium sulfate as adjuvants to bupivacaine for scalp block in supratentorial Craniotomy: A Randomized, Double-Blind clinical study.

Plain-language guide to PMID 40435590 (2025): double-blind randomized controlled trial of Vitamin D, K2, Magnesium and Zinc in 102 patients.

Key Facts

PMID: 40435590
Journal: Journal of clinical neuroscience : official journal of the Neurosurgical Society of Australasia
Year: 2025
Study type: Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Kadian S et al. (3 authors)
DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2025.111347

What This Study Did, in Plain Language

What Was Tested

The paper reports a study of Vitamin D, K2, Magnesium and Zinc, published as a randomized controlled trial.

Who Took Part

According to the abstract, 102 patients were involved.

By PubMed's age tags, the people studied were adults, middle-aged adults and older adults, both men and women.

This study included 102 patients undergoing supratentorial craniotomy, randomized into three groups (n = 34 in each): Group K (ketamine), Group M (magnesium sulfate), and Group C (saline).

How the Study Was Run

The researchers set it up as a randomized and double-blind study.

The patients were allocated by chance, so the Vitamin D, K2, Magnesium and Zinc group and the comparison group should start out alike.

Neither the patients nor the staff measuring them knew who was on Vitamin D, K2, Magnesium and Zinc, so expectations could not easily colour the readings.

Each group received a preemptive scalp block with bupivacaine with the respective adjuvants.

Hemodynamics, postoperative pain (Critical-Care Pain Observation Tool, CPOT), and analgesic consumption were measured at various time points.

What Was Measured

The subject headings attached to it are Bupivacaine, Magnesium Sulfate, Ketamine, Craniotomy, Postoperative Pain, Nerve Block and Anesthetics, Local.

Author keywords: Adjuvants, Analgesia and Scalp block.

What This Means in Plain Language

The paper is a randomized and double-blind study of Vitamin D, K2, Magnesium and Zinc in 102 patients.

The abstract goes on to report its results in about 8 sentences; this page does not restate them, so read the paper for the findings and their limits.

The publication is from 2025 (Journal of clinical neuroscience : official journal of the Neurosurgical Society of Australasia), a journal based in Scotland.

More context: the Vitamin D, K2, Magnesium and Zinc compound page, all human trials.

Our Notes on the Compound

Vitamin D, K2, Magnesium and Zinc: Magnesium is described as required for AMPK to function.

Vitamin D, K2, Magnesium and Zinc in the library

Source: PubMed record. This explanation is written by PeptideWhiz from the public record. For research and education only. Not medical advice; no dosing information is given.