Effects of vitamin K2 and D3 supplementation on epicardial adipose tissue and systemic inflammation: A substudy of the AVADEC trial

What Was Tested

The paper reports a study of Vitamin D, K2, Magnesium and Zinc, published as a randomized controlled trial.

Inflammation contributes to atherosclerosis and can be assessed through imaging and systemic biomarkers.

Who Took Part

According to the abstract, 388 men were involved.

PubMed indexes the participants as older adults, men only.

How the Study Was Run

In design terms this was a randomized and placebo-controlled study.

The men were allocated by chance, so the Vitamin D, K2, Magnesium and Zinc group and the comparison group should start out alike.

Some men received a placebo instead of Vitamin D, K2, Magnesium and Zinc, giving a reference point.

EAT inflammation was assessed using non-contrast CT [EAT volume and attenuation] and contrast-enhanced CT [PCAT attenuation].

Systemic inflammation was evaluated via hs-CRP, IL-6, TNF-α, Fetuin-A, and osteopontin (OPN).

Dephosphorylated uncarboxylated matrix Gla protein (dp-ucMGP), the inactive form of MGP, served as a proxy for vitamin K2 status.

What Was Measured

The subject headings attached to it are Vitamin K 2, Adipose Tissue, Pericardium, Inflammation, Dietary Supplements, Cholecalciferol and Matrix Gla Protein.

Author keywords: Atherosclerosis, Cardiac CT scan, Vitamin D3 and Vitamin K2.

What This Means in Plain Language

The paper is a randomized and placebo-controlled study of Vitamin D, K2, Magnesium and Zinc in 388 men.

With several hundred people or more, it is a fairly large study for this kind of research.

The abstract goes on to report its results in about 5 sentences; this page does not restate them, so read the paper for the findings and their limits.

The publication is from 2025 (Atherosclerosis), a journal based in Ireland.

More context: the Vitamin D, K2, Magnesium and Zinc compound page, all human trials.