Association of Serum Vitamin D With Macular Microvascular Structure in Type 2 Diabetic Mellitus Without Diabetic Retinopathy: A Cross-Sectional Study.

What Was Tested

This observational study looks at Vitamin D, K2, Magnesium and Zinc in the context of diabetic retinopathy and glaucoma.

This study investigated the association of different serum vitamin D levels on macular microvascular structure in Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients without diabetic retinopathy (DR), utilizing optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA).

Who Took Part

The study group was 83 patients.

By PubMed's age tags, the people studied were middle-aged adults and older adults, both men and women.

A cross-sectional observational study was designed that includes 83 patients (83 eyes) with T2DM but without DR.

All patients underwent OCTA with a 6 × 6-mm scan centered on the fovea.

How the Study Was Run

Three groups were defined based on vitamin D levels, including vitamin D deficiency (serum vitamin D < 20 ng/mL), vitamin D insufficiency (20 ng/mL ≤ serum vitamin D < 30 ng/mL), and normal vitamin D (≥ 30 ng/mL) groups.

Assessment was conducted on the perfusion density (PD) of the retinal full layer (FL) and the superficial capillary plexus (SCP).

In addition, evaluation of the foveal avascular zone (FAZ) included its area, perimeter, and acircularity index (AI).

What Was Measured

The subject headings attached to it are Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Cross-Sectional Studies, Vitamin D, Tomography, Optical Coherence, Vitamin D Deficiency, Diabetic Retinopathy and Retinal Vessels.

The authors tagged it with the keywords Type 2 diabetes, optical coherence tomography angiography, perfusion density and retinal microvasculature.

What This Means in Plain Language

This is an observational study of Vitamin D, K2, Magnesium and Zinc in 83 patients in people with diabetic retinopathy and glaucoma.

The abstract goes on to report its results in about 4 sentences; this page does not restate them, so read the paper for the findings and their limits.

The publication is from 2026 (Journal of diabetes research), a journal based in United States.

More context: the Vitamin D, K2, Magnesium and Zinc compound page, Diabetic retinopathy and glaucoma research.