Vitamin D Receptor Polymorphisms and the Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Diabetes Risk Among Adults With Prediabetes.

What Was Tested

Researchers studied Vitamin D, K2, Magnesium and Zinc in this randomized controlled trial publication.

Achieving and maintaining a serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) level of 40 ng/mL or higher, compared with 20 to 30 ng/mL, may lower diabetes risk among adults with prediabetes.

Who Took Part

According to the abstract, 2098 participants were involved.

PubMed indexes the participants as middle-aged adults and older adults, both men and women.

This genetic association study conducted a VDR genotype analysis of 3 common polymorphisms-ApaI, BsmI, and FokI-among 2098 participants in the Vitamin D and Type 2 Diabetes (D2d) clinical trial with available intratrial 25(OH)D levels and genotyping.

How the Study Was Run

The researchers set it up as a randomized and placebo-controlled study.

Random assignment meant chance, not the researchers, decided who got Vitamin D, K2, Magnesium and Zinc and who got the comparison, which limits bias.

A placebo (an inactive look-alike) gave the Vitamin D, K2, Magnesium and Zinc group a baseline to be compared against.

The D2d trial was conducted from October 1, 2013, to November 28, 2018, with statistical analysis performed from January 3 to November 30, 2025.

What Was Measured

Achieving and maintaining a serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) level of 40 ng/mL or higher, compared with 20 to 30 ng/mL, may lower diabetes risk among adults with prediabetes.

PubMed files the paper under topics including Receptors, Calcitriol, Prediabetic State, Dietary Supplements, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Vitamin D, Cholecalciferol and Polymorphism, Genetic.

What This Means in Plain Language

The paper is a randomized and placebo-controlled study of Vitamin D, K2, Magnesium and Zinc in 2098 participants.

With several hundred people or more, it is a fairly large study for this kind of research.

The abstract goes on to report its results in about 6 sentences; this page does not restate them, so read the paper for the findings and their limits.

The publication is from 2026 (JAMA network open), a journal based in United States.

More context: the Vitamin D, K2, Magnesium and Zinc compound page, all human trials.