Effects of Combined Intravenous and Topical Magnesium Sulfate Administration on Pain, Stress, and Functional Recovery After Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Prospective, Randomized, Blinded Controlled Trial.

What Was Tested

The paper reports a study of Vitamin D, K2, Magnesium and Zinc, published as a randomized controlled trial.

However, the optimal method of magnesium sulfate administration remains unclear, and no studies have evaluated the effect of combined intravenous and topical application on post-TKA pain management.

This study aimed to assess the effects of combined intravenous and topical magnesium sulfate on pain, stress, and functional recovery following TKA.

Who Took Part

The abstract describes 150 patients taking part.

PubMed indexes the participants as middle-aged adults and older adults, both men and women.

In this randomized controlled trial, 150 patients undergoing TKA were randomly assigned to one of three groups: the Intravenous Group (received intravenous magnesium sulfate intraoperatively), the Topical Group (received magnesium sulfate added to the local infiltration analgesic cocktail), and the Combined Group (received both intravenous and topical magnesium sulfate).

How the Study Was Run

The design is described as randomized.

Because people in this Vitamin D, K2, Magnesium and Zinc study were split into groups at random, differences between the groups are less likely to reflect who happened to join each one.

The primary outcome was the resting pain score at 24 hours postoperatively.

Secondary outcomes included pain scores at other time points, postoperative morphine consumption for rescue analgesia, postoperative knee range of motion, walking ability, hospital length of stay, intraoperative stress levels (intraoperative inhaled anesthetic consumption, incidence of intraoperative hypertension), postoperative stress levels (postoperative serum cortisol/ACTH levels), and complication rates.

What Was Measured

Topics PubMed links to this paper include Magnesium Sulfate, Arthroplasty, Replacement, Knee, Administration, Topical, Postoperative Pain, Administration, Intravenous, Analgesics and Recovery of Function.

Author keywords: enhanced recovery, intravenous administration, local infiltration analgesia, postoperative analgesia and randomized controlled trial.

What This Means in Plain Language

The paper is a randomized study of Vitamin D, K2, Magnesium and Zinc in 150 patients.

Its findings take up roughly 5 sentences of the abstract and are left out here on purpose; the source paper is the place to read them.

The publication is from 2026 (Drug design, development and therapy), a journal based in New Zealand.

More context: the Vitamin D, K2, Magnesium and Zinc compound page, all human trials.