What is Ghrelin?

A 28-amino-acid stomach hormone that signals hunger and triggers growth hormone release; studied in human trials as an infusion.

Ghrelin in the library · · Human Trials · What are peptides?

44 registered trials · 1109 indexed papers · 1265 human / 436 animal studies

From the PeptideWhiz library entry. "As described" sections summarize claims made in the sources; they are not PeptideWhiz endorsements.

What it is

A 28-amino-acid stomach hormone that signals hunger and triggers growth hormone release; studied in human trials as an infusion.

Type: Gut peptide hormone.

Definition (National Library of Medicine)

“A 28-amino acid, acylated, orexigenic peptide that is a ligand for growth hormone secretagogue receptors. Ghrelin is widely expressed but primarily in the stomach in the adults. Ghrelin acts centrally to stimulate growth hormone secretion and food intake, and peripherally to regulate energy homeostasis. Its large precursor protein, known as appetite-regulating hormone or motilin-related peptide, contains ghrelin and obestatin.”

  • MeSH: Ghrelin

Human research

The registered human trials and peer-reviewed human studies linked below are listed from ClinicalTrials.gov and PubMed. A study is linked only when Ghrelin is one of its interventions, or is named in the study title or subject headings.

Listing a study does not mean it showed a benefit, and it is not medical advice.

Registered human trials (44)

TrialPhaseStatusYearEnrolled
Functional Proteins in Polycystic Ovary Syndromerecruiting2025100
Effects of Ghrelin Administration on Motivationcompleted202424
Dialectical Behavioral Therapy As A Therapeutic Tool In Patients With Binge Eating DisorderPhase 4completed202360
RCT of Ghrelin in Stroke PatientsPhase 2unknown202380
Effects of Ghrelin Administration on Dopamine and EffortPhase 1/Phase 2completed202226
The Importance of Ghrelin for Glucose Metabolism After Sleeve Gastrectomycompleted202222
Ghrelin in Patients With a Rare Disease Associated With Intellectual Disability, and Hyperphagia, and/or Overweight, and/or Obesityunknown2021300
Unacylated Ghrelin to Improve Functioning in PADPhase 2completed202025
Ghrelin (OXE--103) for Acute Concussion ManagementPhase 2completed202023
Physiological Responses to Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy: Focusing on Ghrelincompleted202012
Nutrition and Growth in Very Preterm Infantscompleted2019180
Effect of Ghrelin on Decision-MakingPhase 1withdrawn2019
Validation of the Concept of the Autoantibodies Directed Against the Neuropeptides Involved in Food Intake Regulation on the Incidental Cases of Eating Disorderscompleted2018211
Influence of Dairy Protein Breakfast on Glycemia, Weight Loss and Clock Genes in T2Dunknown201860
Preprandial Ghrelin EffectPhase 1completed201780
Ghrelintrial With Patients With Stroketerminated20176
Effect of Ghrelin on Glucose Metabolism After Bariatric SurgeryPhase 1completed201670
Unacylated Ghrelin to Improve FuncTioning in PAD: The GIFT TrialPhase 1/Phase 2completed20169
Gut Hormones in Obesity, Nicotine and Alcohol DependenceEARLY_Phase 1unknown201595
The Effect of Acyl-Ghrelin on Kidney Function and Blood Pressure in Healthy VolunteersPhase 1unknown201515
Progesterone Amplifies Estrogen-stimulated Growth Hormone Secretion in Older WomenPhase 1completed201447
Estradiol-Receptor Blockade in Older Men and WomenPhase 1completed201440
Translational and Clinical Aspects of Metabolic, Anabolic and Endothelial Dysfunction in Heart FailurePhase 1/Phase 2completed201331
Ghrelin Plus Strength Training in Frail Elderly StudyPhase 2completed201316
Ghrelin Repeated Dose StudyPhase 2completed20135
Ghrelin Effect on Beta Cell Function in Health and Diseaseunknown201330
Ghrelin Dose Finding In Frail ElderlyPhase 2completed20125
Ghrelin for Alcohol Use in Non-Treatment-Seeking Heavy DrinkersPhase 2completed201217
RYGB and the Gastric Adipose AxisPhase 1completed201249
The Effect of Pharmacological Antilipolysis on the Metabolic Effects of Ghrelincompleted20128
Local Metabolic Effects of Ghrelin in Skeletal Muscle and Adipose TissueEARLY_Phase 1completed201210
Ghrelin and Insulin ResistancePhase 1completed201120
Effects of Ghrelin on Alcohol Cue Reactivity and Cravingcompleted201145
Deacylated Ghrelin and Beta Cell Functionunknown201130
Ghrelin in Cystic Fibrosisunknown201020
Effect of Ghrelin on Sympathetic Nervous Systemcompleted200946
Individual Dose-escalated Bi-daily Subcutaneously (sc) Ghrelin in Cancer Cachexia: a Phase I/II StudyPhase 1/Phase 2completed200921
Peripheral Metabolic Effects of GhrelinPhase 1completed20088
Ghrelin in Healthy and Frail Older WomenPhase 1/Phase 2completed200710
Ghrelin, Growth Hormone and Cortisol Interaction in Growth Hormone Deficient Patientscompleted20058

Peer-reviewed studies (1109)

PaperAuthorsJournalYearType
Sequential changes in serum adipokines and their clinical associations in critically ill COVID-19 patients: A prospective observational studyTemel Ş et al.Medicine2026Observational Study
Satiety responsiveness following dietary exposure to ultra-processed foods differing in texture-derived eating rate: a secondary analysis of a randomized controlled crossover diet interventionvan Bruinessen M et al.European journal of nutrition2026Randomized Controlled Trial
Food intake sequence affects postprandial metabolic, hormonal, and appetite responses in healthy male football players: A randomised crossover trialGiro R et al.Clinical nutrition ESPEN2026Randomized Controlled Trial
Effects of Ultra-Processed Meals with Differing Energy Density on Postprandial Glyco-Insulinemic and Appetite-Related Hormonal Responses: A Randomized Crossover TrialGama IRS et al.Nutrients2026Randomized Controlled Trial
Effects of Sativex(®) Versus Placebo on Glucagon-like Peptide-1, Total Ghrelin, and Subjective Appetite in Older Adults with Poor Appetite: A Protocolized Secondary Analysis of a Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Crossover TrialBornæs O et al.Nutrients2026Randomized Controlled Trial
Time-Restricted Eating on Appetite and Inflammation in Adults With Obesity and Prediabetes: A Randomized Feeding StudyDuan D et al.Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.)2026Randomized Controlled Trial
Impact of semaglutide withdrawal on cardiometabolic profile and physiology of energy balance: Recovery effects after semaglutide termination - The REST trial study protocolYevusiak T et al.PloS one2026Clinical Study
Effect of continuous energy restriction combined with probiotic supplementation on parameters related to homeostatic and hedonic systems of food intake in adult men living with obesity: Data from a randomized, parallel, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trialLucin GA et al.Clinical nutrition ESPEN2026Randomized Controlled Trial
Effects of exercise and exercise timing on energy intake and appetite control: a randomised crossover trial in people with overweight or obesity with and without type 2 diabetesLaunbo NP et al.EBioMedicine2026Randomized Controlled Trial
Ghrelin predicts food consumption up to three hours prior to eating: A randomised controlled trialHulme OJ et al.Metabolism: clinical and experimental2026Randomized Controlled Trial
A Healthy Diet Intervention Alters Food Preferences and Eating Behaviours Without Changing Appetite, Adipokines or Glucose HomoeostasisTharakan L et al.Journal of obesity2026Randomized Controlled Trial
Adipokine profiles and genetic variants of leptin receptor, adiponectin, and ghrelin pathways in obesity: prospective 12-month outcomes after bariatric interventionsProdan A et al.Frontiers in endocrinology2026Observational Study
The effect of ghrelin on insulin sensitivity and beta-cell function after sleeve gastrectomyDichman ML et al.American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism2026Randomized Controlled Trial
Associations of PYY, GLP-1 and LEAP2 with changes in feeding-related cognition, body weight and glucose homeostasis after bariatric surgery in non-diabetic womenAndreoli MF et al.Journal of neuroendocrinology2026Randomized Controlled Trial
Appetite-preserving gastrectomy attenuates early postoperative deterioration of bone quality after surgery in esophagogastric junction cancerHarada H et al.Surgical oncology2026Observational Study
The Role of High-Protein Instant Ramen Noodles in Inducing and Maintaining Satiety: Acute, Randomized, Crossover StudyOzioma PU et al.Nutrition & diabetes2026Randomized Controlled Trial
Appetite regulation following energy restriction with almond-enriched vs. nut-free diets - a randomised controlled trialCarter S et al.Obesity research & clinical practice2026Randomized Controlled Trial
LEAP2 Reduces Ad Libitum Food Intake and Attenuates Postprandial Glucose Excursions in Men With ObesityEnglund A et al.Diabetes2026Randomized Controlled Trial
Post-prandial acyl ghrelin infusion in heart failure patients increases gastric emptying rateWebb DL et al.Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology2026Randomized Controlled Trial
Short-Term Turkish Coffee Consumption Elevates Cardiovascular Risk Markers, Decreases Leptin Levels, and Impairs Sleep Quality in Healthy Young Women: A Pilot Randomized Controlled TrialElsahoryi NA et al.International journal for vitamin and nutrition research. Internationale Zeitschrift fur Vitamin- und Ernahrungsforschung. Journal international de vitaminologie et de nutrition2026Randomized Controlled Trial
A single dose of cannabidiol increases ad libitum energy intake in healthy adults but does not affect postprandial glucose or lipid metabolismJohnson DA et al.Appetite2026Randomized Controlled Trial
The effects of time-restricted eating on energy balance regulation in adults with overweight/obesity and type 2 diabetesKramer CK et al.International journal of obesity (2005)2026Randomized Controlled Trial
Gastric fundal mucosal ablation followed by endoscopic sleeve gastroplasty in adults with obesity: a first-in-human two-phase pilot clinical trialGadi SRV et al.Endoscopy2026Clinical Trial
Serum biomarkers of postanoxic encephalopathy in relation to ghrelin treatment. A secondary analysis of the GRECO trialOmes QPM et al.Resuscitation2026Randomized Controlled Trial
MR GENTLE-multicentre randomised controlled trial of ghrelin in anterior circulation ischaemic stroke treated with endovascular thrombectomy: a phase 2 trialOmes QPM et al.Trials2026Randomized Controlled Trial
Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic results from a randomized controlled study with the growth hormone secretagogue receptor blocker PF-5190457 in recently abstinent patients with alcohol use disorderTyler RE et al.The international journal of neuropsychopharmacology2026Randomized Controlled Trial
Ketone supplementation dose-dependently lowers postprandial blood glucose, lipid and ghrelin levels in individuals with type 2 diabetes: a randomised crossover studyBangshaab M et al.Diabetologia2026Randomized Controlled Trial
Glycemic Improvement with Low-Dose Dulaglutide Is Associated with Leptin and Obestatin Modulation in Type 2 Diabetes MellitusJung I et al.Diabetes & metabolism journal2026Observational Study
Fat Amount Rather Than Fatty Acid Composition Influences Postprandial Hunger, Satiety and Attention in Men and Women with a Risk Phenotype for Cardiometabolic Diseases: A Randomized Crossover TrialDiekmann C et al.The Journal of nutrition2026Randomized Controlled Trial
Appetite responses to different doses of cottonseed oil in adults at risk of cardiovascular diseaseHawkins CD et al.Physiology & behavior2026Randomized Controlled Trial

More cited research

Conditions researched

Related compounds

FAQ

What is Ghrelin?

A 28-amino-acid stomach hormone that signals hunger and triggers growth hormone release; studied in human trials as an infusion.

How many registered human trials study Ghrelin?

The PeptideWhiz trial index lists 44 registered trials for Ghrelin, the most recent from 2025.

How much published research exists on Ghrelin?

The PeptideWhiz paper index links 1109 PubMed papers to Ghrelin; by study type, 1265 human and 436 animal studies.

Which conditions is Ghrelin researched for?

Anti-aging & longevity, Atherosclerosis, cardiovascular disease & high blood pressure, Chronic and systemic inflammation, Cognition, focus & brain performance, Concussion, traumatic brain injury & stroke recovery, Delayed gastric emptying on GLP-1 medicines, Diabetic retinopathy and glaucoma, Fat loss, obesity & body recomposition, Fatigue & low energy (incl. midlife), Fatty liver & elevated liver enzymes, Fight-or-flight and nervous system overdrive, Gut: IBD (Crohn's, colitis), leaky gut, IBS & ulcers, Heart repair: after heart attack, heart failure & enlarged heart, High-demand jobs: military, fire, police, EMT (and combat-sport athletes), Hyperparathyroidism, Immune system (general), Insulin resistance, prediabetes & type 2 diabetes, Kidney protection (CKD, diabetic kidney, lupus kidney), Lipedema, Lung health, asthma & COPD, Multiple sclerosis, Muscle gain, sarcopenia & building muscle after 40, Osteoarthritis, cartilage loss & avoiding joint replacement, Pancreatitis (after the acute phase), Parkinson's disease, PCOS, Post-surgical inflammation and surgery recovery, Pregnancy and breastfeeding: safety notes, Rheumatoid arthritis, Sleep apnea (obstructive), Sleep problems (incl. insomnia on peptides), Thyroid problems.

Research and education only. Not medical advice. No dosing guidance. Data: ClinicalTrials.gov registry and PubMed via the PeptideWhiz index (204,289 studies).

Reported dosing ranges from research