What is GIP (Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide)?

A 42-amino-acid gut hormone that boosts insulin release after meals; one of the two receptors tirzepatide acts on.

GIP (Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide) in the library · Metabolic & Weight Peptides · Human Trials · What are peptides?

16 registered trials · 507 indexed papers · 911 human / 144 animal studies

From the PeptideWhiz library entry. "As described" sections summarize claims made in the sources; they are not PeptideWhiz endorsements.

What it is

A 42-amino-acid gut hormone that boosts insulin release after meals; one of the two receptors tirzepatide acts on.

Type: Gut peptide hormone.

Definition (National Library of Medicine)

“A gastrointestinal peptide hormone of about 43-amino acids. It is found to be a potent stimulator of insulin secretion and a relatively poor inhibitor of gastric acid secretion.”

  • MeSH: Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide

Human research

The registered human trials and peer-reviewed human studies linked below are listed from ClinicalTrials.gov and PubMed. A study is linked only when GIP (Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide) is one of its interventions, or is named in the study title or subject headings.

Listing a study does not mean it showed a benefit, and it is not medical advice.

Registered human trials (16)

TrialPhaseStatusYearEnrolled
The Antiemetic Effects of Increased Splanchnic Perfusion, Induced by the Gut Hormone GIP, in Healthy Individualsenrolling by invitation202614
A Study Looking at How Weekly Injections of Two Hormones - GIP and Amylin - Affect Stomach-related Side Effects in People Who Are Overweight or ObesePhase 1recruiting2026100
Glucose-dependent INsulinotropic Polypeptide: Effect on Bone Remodelling and Cell Activity (GINEBRA)completed202513
The Separate and Combined Glucagonotropic Effects of Glucose-dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide and Alanine in Subjects With and Without Type 1 Diabetescompleted202510
The Separate and Combined Effects of Long-term GIP and GLP-1 Receptor Activation in Patients with Type 2 Diabetescompleted202261
Effects of Gut Peptides on Bone Remodelingcompleted201810
The Effect of GIP and GLP-1 on Insulin and Glucagon Secretion in Patients With HNF1A-diabetes Treated With or Without Sulphonylureacompleted201720
Incretin Action in Physiology and DiabetesPhase 1completed201639
Investigating the Incretin Effect in Cystic Fibrosiscompleted201350
Glucose-Dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide - Effects on Markers of Bone Turnover in Patients With Type 1 Diabetescompleted201210
GIP Effects at Insulin Induced Hypoglycemia in Patients With Type 2 DiabetesEARLY_Phase 1completed201112
Glucose-dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide - New Role as Blood Glucose Stabilizer?Phase 1/Phase 2completed200930
Xenin-25: Novel Regulator of Insulin Secretion and Beta-cell FunctionPhase 1completed200938
Study of the Effects of Xenin-25 in Humans With and Without Type 2 Diabetes MellitusPhase 1completed200840
GIP, GLP-1 and GLP-2 in Type 2 Diabetic Hyperglucagonemiacompleted200810
Glucose-dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide (GIP) and Lipid Metabolismcompleted200830

Peer-reviewed studies (507)

PaperAuthorsJournalYearType
Postprandial metabolic responses to a glycomacropeptide-based protein substitute in different meal contexts - Implications for phenylketonuria (PKU)Rodrigues C et al.Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland)2026Randomized Controlled Trial
Assessing Awareness, Confidence and Utilization of Compounded GLP-1 and Dual GIP/GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Among Healthcare Clinicians and Pharmacists: A Comprehensive Survey StudyUmbreit A et al.Journal of primary care & community health2026Observational Study
Food intake sequence affects postprandial metabolic, hormonal, and appetite responses in healthy male football players: A randomised crossover trialGiro R et al.Clinical nutrition ESPEN2026Randomized Controlled Trial
Weight Loss-Dependent Changes in Body Composition and Bone Health in People With Obesity and Type 1 Diabetes Treated With Liraglutide, Semaglutide, or TirzepatideAl Ozairi E et al.Diabetes/metabolism research and reviews2026Observational Study
Acute TRPTI™ (oleoylethanolamide) supplementation enhances incretin hormone responses: a fixed-sequence crossover studyBriskey D et al.Frontiers in endocrinology2026Randomized Controlled Trial
Effects of Pharmacological GIP Infusion on Insulin, Glucagon, and Cardiovascular Responses During Hyperglycemia in Type 2 DiabetesSun Y et al.Diabetes2026Randomized Controlled Trial
GIP contributes to postprandial regulation of splanchnic blood supply in humans with type 2 diabetes: a randomised, single-blinded, placebo-controlled, crossover studyRasmussen RS et al.Diabetologia2026Randomized Controlled Trial
Insulin Sensitivity and Beta Cell Function With Macupatide Alone or With Dulaglutide in Type 2 Diabetes: A Phase 1b, Randomised Controlled TrialHeise T et al.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism2026Randomized Controlled Trial
Acute GIP and GLP-1 Administration Exerts Differential Metabolic Effects in Totally Pancreatectomised IndividualsKrogh LSL et al.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism2026Randomized Controlled Trial
A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to assess the postprandial dose-dependent effects of wild blueberries on metabolic and cognitive outcomes following a high-carbohydrate breakfastEllis LR et al.European journal of nutrition2026Randomized Controlled Trial
A randomised clinical trial testing the safety of and metabolic responses to short-term duodenal infusion of recombinant RORDEP1 in healthy menGæde J et al.Diabetologia2026Randomized Controlled Trial
Effects of a 6-week subcutaneous infusion of native GIP alone or as add-on to semaglutide in people with type 2 diabetes: a single-centre, double-blind, parallel-group, randomised, placebo-controlled trialHelsted MM et al.The lancet. Diabetes & endocrinology2026Randomized Controlled Trial
Simultaneous consumption of vegetable salad with bread attenuates postprandial serum glucose elevation in healthy adults: a single-ingestion open-label crossover trialYuan M et al.BMC research notes2026Clinical Trial
The Glucagonotropic Effect of GIP Is Negated During Insulin-Induced Hypoglycemia in Type 1 Diabetes: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Crossover StudySørum NE et al.Diabetes2026Randomized Controlled Trial
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) levels are associated with acute kidney injury after cardiac surgerySzafran A et al.Scientific reports2026Observational Study
Appetite regulation following energy restriction with almond-enriched vs. nut-free diets - a randomised controlled trialCarter S et al.Obesity research & clinical practice2026Randomized Controlled Trial
GLP-1, GIP, and Glucagon Excursions During a Mixed Meal Tolerance Test in Young and Lean South Asians Versus EuropidsHoekx CA et al.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism2026Clinical Trial
Holding vs Continuing GLP-1/GIP Agonists Before Upper Endoscopy: The OCULUS Randomized Clinical TrialAhmad AI et al.JAMA internal medicine2026Randomized Controlled Trial
The effects of glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide on net splanchnic blood flow in lean humansAsmar M et al.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism2026Randomized Controlled Trial
Exenatide induces an enhanced endogenous glucagon-like peptide-1 secretory response in patients receiving basal insulinParikh M et al.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism2026Randomized Controlled Trial
Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide reduces postprandial glucose excursions but does not protect from hypoglycaemia in persons with type 1 diabetes-A randomised placebo-controlled studyHoe B et al.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism2026Randomized Controlled Trial
Efficacy of tirzepatide versus semaglutide in achieving therapeutic targets in type 2 diabetes: a post hoc analysis of the SURPASS-2 TrialNeves JS et al.Diabetologia2026Randomized Controlled Trial
Long-acting GIPR agonist LY3537021 reduces body weight and fasting blood glucose in patients with T2D: Preclinical development and phase 1 randomized ascending dose studiesRoell W et al.Molecular metabolism2026Randomized Controlled Trial
A real-world study of tirzepatide for weight loss in adults without diabetes mellitusAngelopoulos N et al.International journal of obesity (2005)2026Observational Study
GLP-1 agonist-associated presentations to unscheduled care: An opportunistic pilot studyThomas O et al.British journal of clinical pharmacology2026Observational Study
Acute effects of GIP and GLP-1 receptor antagonism in totally pancreatectomized individuals: A randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover studyKrogh LSL et al.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism2026Randomized Controlled Trial
Enteroendocrine hormonal response after the ingestion of cola beverages with sucrose and non-nutritive sweeteners in healthy adults: A randomized crossover trialGalicia-Ayala C et al.Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.)2026Randomized Controlled Trial
The Separate and Combined Effects of GIP, GLP-1, and GLP-2 on Markers of Bone Turnover in Type 2 DiabetesHansen JV et al.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism2026Randomized Controlled Trial
Tirzepatide for sleep-disordered breathing in SURMOUNT-OSA: Time course and association with body weightMalhotra A et al.Sleep medicine2025Randomized Controlled Trial
GIP/GLP-1RA as adjunctive to automated insulin delivery in adults with Type 1 diabetes (the AID-JUNCT trial): Study protocol for a prospective, randomized, clinical trialFragozo-Ramos MC et al.PloS one2025Clinical Study

More cited research

Conditions researched

Related compounds

FAQ

What is GIP (Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide)?

A 42-amino-acid gut hormone that boosts insulin release after meals; one of the two receptors tirzepatide acts on.

How many registered human trials study GIP (Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide)?

The PeptideWhiz trial index lists 16 registered trials for GIP (Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide), the most recent from 2026.

How much published research exists on GIP (Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide)?

The PeptideWhiz paper index links 507 PubMed papers to GIP (Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide); by study type, 911 human and 144 animal studies.

Which conditions is GIP (Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide) researched for?

Anxiety and panic, Skin sensitivity and body aches on GLP-1 medicines, Celiac disease and gluten sensitivity, Chronic and systemic inflammation, Cognition, focus & brain performance, Delayed gastric emptying on GLP-1 medicines, Fat loss, obesity & body recomposition, Fatty liver & elevated liver enzymes, Gallbladder and gallstones, Immune system (general), Insulin resistance, prediabetes & type 2 diabetes, Kidney protection (CKD, diabetic kidney, lupus kidney), Lung health, asthma & COPD, Osteoporosis and bone density, Pancreatitis (after the acute phase), PCOS, Post-surgical inflammation and surgery recovery, Pregnancy and breastfeeding: safety notes, Sleep apnea (obstructive), Sleep problems (incl. insomnia on peptides).

Research and education only. Not medical advice. No dosing guidance. Data: ClinicalTrials.gov registry and PubMed via the PeptideWhiz index (204,289 studies).

Reported dosing ranges from research